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Ivan Marinov
ANALYSIS OF THE BEHAVIOUR OF ONLINE CONSUMERS FROM THE EUROPEAN UNION: RELATIONSHIPS AND EXTREME VALUES
Abstract:
The present study aims to reveal relationships and extreme values concerning online consumer activity within the European Union. The conclusions of the research are based on official statistics relating to people from the 27 EU member states who made online purchases in 2022. The study utilised analysis of variance (ANOVA) and descriptive statistical methods to analyse the grouped data from the research. In the course of the study, statistically significant correlations between sequentially selected factors, such as age, education, and digital skills of the respondents, and the dependent variable – online purchasing activity of consumers from the EU, were derived.
With the help of a box plot, it is observed that the percentages of male and female online shoppers aged between 16 and 24 years from Bulgaria, Romania and Cyprus reach moderately low extreme values in the distribution. Using the same graphical method, a moderately low extreme value of the percentage of women with higher education from Bulgaria, who made online purchases in 2022, is visualised. The percentages of online consumers who are "professionals" in the field of ICT from Cyprus, Bulgaria and Romania are abnormally low, and for "non- professionals" in this field, the percentage of online consumers from Romania appears as a moderately low extreme value. The obtained empirical results can be transformed into reference points for the formation of market strategies by traders.
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Zalozhnev A. Yu, Chistov D. V.
MODELS FOR MAKING DECISIONS
ON PURCHASE VOLUMES DEPENDING
ON THE ASSESSMENT OF UPCOMING RETAIL SALES
Abstract:
This article considers an economic system that consists of three types of business entities: a manufacturer, a distributor (wholesaler), and a retailer. Mathematical models that allow the distributor (wholesaler) to make informed decisions about the volume of goods purchased from the manufacturer are considered, using the assessment of upcoming retail sales, assuming that the manufacturer's selling price depends on the volume of purchases. Models are built from the standpoint of resolving conflicts between participants in the decision-making process: purchasing managers who strive to have enough inventory and financiers who want to reduce this volume, for example, to increase the liquidity of the organization's assets or reduce storage costs. The constructed models allow the distributor to solve the problem of determining the optimal volume of goods to purchase that will maximize additional profit
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Donka Zhelyazkova, Sergey Piddrubrivnyy
POSSIBLE SCENARIOS FOR DEVELOPING EU TRADE RELATIONS WITH RUSSIA
Abstract:
The study presents general scenarios for the future development of EU trade relations with Russia, which are conditionally marked as ‘stagnation’, ‘optimistic’ and ‘pessimistic’. The dynamics of the sanctions regime is used as a key indicator for distinguishing these scenarios. We associate the first scenario, called ‘stagnation’, with the expectations of a serious slowdown in the economic growth of the EU and Russia. The second, described as ‘optimistic’, is based on expectations for a gradual recovery and development of the trade relations between the two countries over a long period of time. The third scenario is defined as ‘pessimistic’, given the consolidated tightening of anti-Russian sanctions within the transatlantic alliance and the expansion of Russia’s countermeasures.
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Donka Zhelyazkova, Sergey Piddrubrivnyy
STAGES IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF EU TRADE RELATIONS WITH RUSSIA
Abstract:
The study focuses on four main stages in the development of EU trade relations with Russia, covering the time horizon between 1992 and 2020. These stages are conditional and follow the analogy of the life cycle main stages (establishment, growth and maturity of relations). However, in connection with the reciprocal restrictive measures constituting a special interest in the context of the issues discussed in the study, the contemporary stage, conditionally called the period of challenges, is examined separately. The relevance of the topic and the importance of the problem are related to the strategic significance of EU trade relations with Russia and the intensity of trade, investment and financial flows migrating between them on the one hand, and to the need to revise these relations in the context of the modern economic and political environment, on the other.
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Alexey A. Zalozhnev, Dmitrii Vladimirovich Chistov
MODELS FOR MAKING DECISIONS
ON THE VOLUME AND PRICE OF PURCHASES IN WHOLESALE TRADE
Abstract:
The article proposes a mathematical model to support decision-making on the volume of purchases and the level of retail prices, which the wholesale company (dealer) sets depending on the manufacturer's selling prices and the demand of end buyers for various volumes of wholesale purchases. It is assumed that the manufacturer and the wholesaler influence price through pricing policy. As a result, the problem of determining the optimal volume of wholesale purchases and sales, depending on supply and demand, as well as changes in the level of purchase and selling prices, is posed and solved. Two options for setting the problem are considered here: when the end buyer is informed and not informed about the producer's prices.
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Dragomir Iliev, Galin Stefanov, Yoto V. Yotov
ESTIMATING BULGARIA’S TRADE BORDERS WITH THE EU
AN APPLICATION OF THE EMPIRICAL GRAVITY MODEL OF TRADE
Abstract:
We use the empirical gravity model of international trade to evaluate the borders in manufacturing trade between Bulgaria and the European Union (BG-EU). Our results suggest that in 2006 the BG-EU border was quite large and not statistically different from the average border in our sample of 69 countries. As expected, our estimates confirm that the trade border between Bulgaria and the EU members was very large, and much larger than the average sample border, before the collapse of communism. The border fell sharply in the early to mid-90s, but it followed the average sample trend since then. We also document weak asymmetries in the BG-EU border in favor of EU exports to Bulgaria. Our results point to a series of extensions and further analysis.
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Simeonka Petrova
CHALLENGES FACING RETAILERS’ ASSORTMENT SUPPLY IN THE OMNICHANNEL AGE
Abstract:
Thå following article presents the results of a study aimed at making a theoretical and empirical interpretation of retailers’ assortment supply in omnichannel environment. On this basis, the most prominent challenges and issues are brought to the fore by applying a combination of a review of specialized economic theory and by giving examples from real retail practice. Specific theoretical, conceptual and practical tasks of the study are set. For the analysis of the collected theoretical and empirical data the scientific methods of the factor analysis and synthesis, comparison, generalization, and illustration are applied. The research results are systematized in formulated conclusions and are related to estimating the omnichannel impact on the retailers’ assortment supply.
