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Stanislav Aleksandrov, Galya Georgieva
UP-TO-DATE ISSUES RELATED TO APPLYING THE NEW ACCOUNTANCY ACT
Abstract:
The application of Directive 2013/34/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council on annual financial statements, consolidated financial statements, and related reports of certain types of undertakings required the introduction of some changes in current accounting regulations in Bulgaria. This paper focuses on issues related to applying the new Accountancy Act and some of the contradictions which have arisen as a result.
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Àlla I. Alekseeva
AN ANALYSIS OF THE IMPACT
OF INFLATION ON THE FINANCIAL
AND ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES
OF COMMERCIAL ORGANISATIONS
Abstract:
The article discusses the methodology of adjusting the indicators of financial and accounting reporting used for assessing the activities of commercial organisations in the context of inflation. This is extremely important for increasing the validity of management decisions. The calculations have been performed on the basis of a particular example of a functioning organisation.
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Artem Ivanov
ANALYSIS OF M & A AGREEMENTS AND THEIR SECTORAL CHARACTERISTICS
Abstract:
The article analyzes the theoretical foundations of M&A agreements of different companies. The types and forms of M&A agreements were investigated. Due to the conducted analysis on the sectoral distribution of M&A agreements, it was concluded that the industry leader in this area was the mechanical and industrial equipment production, which led the industry rankings in terms of amount and value of such agreements in 2018. The main factors of the increase of M&A processes in the insurance industry in 2018 are introduced in the paper – raise of interest rates, increase of the amount of available capital, improved conditions for the world economy development, tax reform in the USA. Much attention is also paid to M&A banking activities in the USA. The article points out that the healthcare sector has been dominated by the ten largest pharmaceutical companies with the highest return on investments, which spent an average of 35% on M&A of total investment volume in R&D and M&A in recent years.
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Diyana Ivanova, Galya Kusheva
ANALYSING THE FINANCIAL VARIABLES
OF BULGARIAN MUNICIPALITIES
FOR THE PURPOSE OF THEIR FINANCIAL RECOVERY
Abstract:
Some of the latest supplements to the Public Finance Act deal with the local management of public funds and activities and prescribe a procedure for identifying municipalities in a financial difficulty and adopting measures to overcome it. This paper presents a set of methods for analysing the financial variables of individual municipalities on the basis of the methodological guidelines and the information provided by the Ministry of Finance. We have analysed data available as of the end of 2015 about the financial variables of Bulgarian municipalities as they have been defined by legislation and identified some common problems related to the financial management of that segment of the public sector.
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Krasimir Kulchev
THE INTERPRETATION OF FINANCIAL STATEMENTS IN TERMS OF CONTEMPORARY FINANCIAL ANALYSIS
Abstract:
The evolution of financial analysis is accompanied by an extensive use of indicators whose calculation is based on data provided both by entities in their financial statements and by financial markets. The analysis of data and indicators generated by the capital market is considered to be of primary importance when studying the financial position of enterprises. This view is supported by a substantial number of analysts and, although not applicable to all enterprises, it raises a number of questions, two of them being whether the new analytical indicators are replacing the classic indicators of financial statement analysis and whether financial statements have retained their fundamental role as a primary source of data in studying the financial position of enterprises. The objective of this paper is to answer these questions by approaching the interpretation of financial statements within the context of some unorthodox views about the evolution of financial analysis.
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Alla Alexeyeva
ANALYTICAL PROCEDURES IN SALES FORCASTING BASED ON FACTORS OF INFLUENCE
Abstract:
The article discusses the analytical procedures that can be used by the auditor at the stage of obtaining information, such as the verification of the procedures in order to collect direct evidence of the errors, irregularities and false statements in financial reporting. The proposed methodology for the prediction of outcome indicators based on the "factors of influence” over the example of sales volume can be a simple and reliable tool in the arsenal of the auditor.
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Tanya Gorcheva
BULGARIAN TOURISM – BETWEEN
CLASSICAL AND POPULAR GENRES
Abstract:
The nature of developing tourism as a business depends largely on the objectives pursued and on the demand of the tourists it attracts as customers. To determine the nature of the modern tourist business in Bulgaria, this article focuses on the quality and characteristics of its realisation as an industry. The aim is to determine whether best examples or negative practice prevails in the tourism business in this country. The presented formulation implies a comparative analysis of tourism in Austria and Bulgaria, based on criteria that reveal its core characteristics from the perspective of market competition and the principles of sustainable development. Parallels are sought between the impact of economic reforms in Bulgaria in the period of transition and the present tourism business in the country.
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Milka Bakyrdzhieva
THE POWER BETWEEN KNOWLEDGE
AND CONFORMITY
Abstract:
This article is dedicated to the phenomenon of “power.” At the beginning, power is discussed in more general terms as the “purposeful impact on people” is emphasised. Then we move on to knowledge as the only source of high-quality power in comparison to the other two “supreme” sources, namely force and wealth, as opportunities are sought for its inclusion in the real forms of power at an organisational level. The aim of the third section is to present attitudes regarding power and conformity towards those who have positions of power.
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Bogdan Stetsenko
THE EFFECT OF ASYMMETRIC INFORMATION ON THE ACTIVITIES OF NON-STATE PENSION FUNDS IN UKRAINE
Abstract:
This paper considers the impact of information asymmetry on the activities of non-government pension funds in Ukraine. Based on the established model of non-governmental pensions in Ukraine, it looks at peculiarities in the formation of information flows in the operation of non-government pension funds (NPF). It has been determined that information asymmetry has the most significant effect on the activities of Ukrainian NPF at two levels: first, in the context of access to information for current and potential members of non-governmental pension provision; secondly, due to the low transparency of the corporate sector, which reduces the possibility of the efficient investment of pension assets. It has also been established that overcoming information asymmetries in the market of non-government pensions is possible only if government regulatory efforts are synchronised and effective financial communication at the level of the NPF is implemented for issuers of securities and other market participants.
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Stanimir Slavov
THE EFFECT OF HABITS
ON THE MANAGEMENT PROCESS
Abstract:
The management process is directed towards achieving certain goals. Its realisation is affected by a multitude of factors, including the habits of managers and their subordinates. Consciously or unconsciously, habits determine the behaviours of individuals in their personal and working lives. When the personal and work habits affect positively the manner of making decisions, the completion of particular tasks, the achievement of goals, etc., this can result in either an effective or ineffective management process. The combination of positive and negative habits places individuals in different situations at their work place, which in turn requires from managers to interfere adequately. They should look for opportunities for managing both their and their subordinates’ habits. This demands from them to be able to use their leadership skills as well as to have thorough knowledge of the habit formation process.
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Zaki Muhammad Abbas Bhaya, Basim Abbas Kraidy Jassmy
THE IMPACT OF THE BRAND IN ACHIEVING COMPETITIVE ADVANTAGE:-AN ANALYTIC STUDY ON ZAIN IRAQ'S MOBILE
CELL-PHONE COMPANY
IN AL-DIWANIYAH GOVERNORATE
IN IRAQ
Abstract:
This research aims to find out the role of the Brand in the process of achieving the competitive advantage from strategic perspective through identifying the important role that the marketing activity has in the work of companies. This research seeks to achieve its objectives through the analysis of decisions and the importance of the Brand in Zain company for communication.
It also demonstrates the Brand's role in satisfying the customers' desires. The researcher has used (Porter) strategies, he supposed that there are three strategies: (Cost Leadership Strategy, differentiation Strategy, Focus Strategy), researcher used (SPSS) for the statistical analysis of the gathered data through the analysis of both of the correlation, regression and (ANOVA).
The researcher reached a number of conclusions and the most important of them was the existence of a strong correlation between companies and brand can be used to achieve the competitive advantage in the Zain company for communication through the services made by its distributional outlets
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Ivan Grozdanov Ivanov
OPPORTUNITIES FOR DEVELOPMENT
OF THE SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC POTENTIAL OF THE PROPHYLAXIS
AND REHABILITATION PROGRAMME
OF THE NSSI
Abstract:
The activities for overcoming the risk-related effects in the public social-security system of Bulgaria have acquired high importance in the context of deteriorated health status both in general and individual plan. The paper outlines the possibilities for the relative financial and organizational development of the Prophylaxis and Rehabilitation Programme of the NSSI. It supports the idea of broadening the scope of the programme including the opportunity for funding the prophylaxis and rehabititation of retired people at the age above the stipulated in art. 68, para 1of the Social Security Code.
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Ventsislav Vechev
POSSIBILITIES FOR IMPROVING THE ACCOUNTING OF CERTAIN FINANCIAL INCENTIVE SCHEMES FOR BANK STAFF
Abstract:
Regardless of the increasing role of technology, the main factor of each system are people with their qualities and experience. The fact that nowadays the majority of activities related to collecting, summarising and systematizing of information are carried out by information technologies does not diminish the role of individuals in terms of analysing the results, decision-making and developing an overall company strategy.
To stimulate the creativity of their key employees, companies use different methods of financial incentives. The aim of conducting such policy, on one hand, is to increase employees’ motivation to work and at the same time to encourage their long-term involvement in and commitment to the future of the company.
The object of study in this article is the accounting interpretation of some basic approaches (forms) to financial incentives of bank staff.
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Marina Nikolova
THE NEED TO EVALUATE ECOSYSTEM BENEFITS
Abstract:
To preserve our environment means to preserve the soil, the water, and the natural resources, i.e. life on our planet. And indeed, unspoilt nature is not only a prerequisite, but also valuable capital for doing business successfully, i.e. developing eco-tourism, organic farming, sustainable forestry, etc. On the one hand, managerial decisions which employ environmentally friendly production methods in our country make it possible to manage eco-systems (and bio-diversity in general). On the other hand, eco-systems provide a wide range of useful services and thus improve the quality of our life and create favourable conditions for the long-term well-being of people. The value of eco-systems will increasingly continue to grow in the future, mainly due to the loss of eco-systems.
Therefore, the need to evaluate the services provided by eco-systems is becoming more obvious. Conscientious management of natural capital and services provided by eco-systems lead to increased social and economic sustainability not only at a regional and national level, but on a European and global scale as well.
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Dmitriy Lukianenko
GLOBAL INDIVIDUALIZATION SUBJECTIVE DISPOSITION TRANSFORMATION
Abstract:
This article investigates the issue of global development individualization brought about by 21st century transformations. It substantiates the need to resort to new approaches while analyzing the subjective disposition of the global economy and politics in the process of modern institutional system formation, accounting for global corporatization tendencies, competition, leadership, socialization and ecologization. The author considers the preconditions and motives of global individual leadership in economic, political, social and cultural domains, with their peculiarities regarding Ukraine accentuated, and outlines the crucial role of innovative leaders in insuring globalization processes.
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Dariusz Nowak
DETERMINANTS OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF INTER-ORGANIZATIONAL RELATIONS
Abstract:
Nowadays, the cooperation is considered as one of the basic paths of enterprise development. For many entities, it is a chance of improving or increasing competitiveness, for others it is a necessity because the lack of cooperation could cause serious perturbations. However, it is emphasized that the decision to cooperate must be conscious. The effect can be on one hand the benefits, on the other hand there is the possibility of generating losses. Due to the fact that most of the relations between the cooperating companies are antagonistic, it is worth considering the factors that guarantee the effectiveness of cooperation. This paper attempts to identify the key factors that favour and limit the effectiveness of inter-organizational collaboration. The first part of the paper presents theoretical reflections on the essence and nature of cooperation. The second one focuses on the result analysis of a survey on determinants of cooperation conducted during the year 2015 on a sample of 192 entities.
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Petyr Banchev
THE EVOLUTION OF THE MARKETING PARADIGM
Abstract:
: The evolution of the marketing paradigm. Over the last decade, mar¬ket¬ing has started to develop new content in its paradigm, based on rethinking existing mar¬keting hypotheses for identifying, studying and solving the problems of economic life. Un¬der the influence of revolutionary changes in business and of so¬cie¬ty in general, the interest of business in human values and public welfare has increasingly become a topical issue. The article reveals the logic of the evolution of the marketing paradigm of business from products and their sale (product-centric), through to the market represented by buyers (market-centric) to people, their values and spirit (human-centric). It discusses the main points of historical and logical developments in the conceptual aspects of the marketing paradigm. It also examines the new content of the modern marketing paradigm - oriented towards taking into account human values and spirit to enhance public welfare and safety. This article also presents new directions in the development of the marketing concept and of the mar¬keting system. Thus the marketing approach to business management acquires new conceptual, problem and instrumental dimensions.
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Irena Misheva
EXPERT ASSESSMENT
OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL RISK
OF TECHNOGENIC NATURE – AN ELEMENT OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION LIABILITY INSURANCE OF THE INDUSTRIAL ENTERPRISES
Abstract:
The article deals with the issues of insuring the environmental pollution risk in economic enterprises. In addition, the research outlines the structure of the environment with reference to the operations of enterprises with hazardous waste production; it also analyses the elements of the environment and the risk factors, which determine the risk situations in the industrial enterprises. Finally, the article discusses the primary role of environmental pollution liability insurance within the concept of risk management in the industrial enterprises.
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Nataliya Nikolaevna Kulikova
THE LIFE CYCLE OF PARTNERSHIPS
BETWEEN COMPANIES
IN THE RUSSIAN ELECTRONICS INDUSTRY
Abstract:
Professional players on the Russian market in microelectronics form temporary partnerships so that they can design and develop microelectronic devices with a certain life cycle. This paper proves that the capacity of such partnerships to develop successfully and to achieve the goals they have set depends on the stages of their development, i.e. the stages of a partnership life cycle. The materialisation of these partnerships refers to all stages of the technological value chain of microelectronic devices, which allows each professional player on the Russian market in microelectronics to perform their functions. Each stage of the partnership life cycle relates to specific features and key success factors. By analysing the stages of partnerships life cycles, it is possible to predict and identify potential problems in terms of the materialisation and development of inter-organisational relationships.
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Daliborka Blazeska, Natasha Ristovska
THE USE OF SOCIAL MEDIA AS AN EFFECTIVE TOOL FOR OBTAINING SUSTAINABLE COMPETITIVE ADVANTAGE
Abstract:
Achieving a sustainable competitive advantage depends on the innovations which are largely dependent on the online marketing that initiates the use of social networks which enable the improvement of long-term relationships of the company and the focus on the particular target group. Their best results are achieved as a result of the creativity and they are ideal medium which does not require huge money investment, but energy, thinking, time and knowledge. The investment in marketing activities in the social network cannot be considered as a simple venture but as a management of several goals: the user should get to know the brand, interaction of the user with the brand and oral transmitting of the message.
The paper focuses on the analysis of social networks and their influence in the direction of promoting two-way, i.e. interactive communication with consumers. On the other side, in the paper answers will be given to the question: “Which of the social networks are the most effective tools for promotion?” The results show that the applications of modern and innovative methods in the field of internet marketing are crucial for distinguishing and creating a competitive advantage.
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Svetlana Nikolova
RESEARCH ON THE CORRELATION BETWEEN INNOVATIVE ACTIVITIES AND COMPETITIVENESS IN BULGARIAN COMPANIES
Abstract:
This article throws light on the theoretical and practical aspects of the existing bilateral correlation between innovative activity, innovative activities and company competitiveness. In the course of this analysis it is emphasised that, on the one hand, the level of company competitiveness in organisations which determines the intensity of innovative activities is the result of the state of the competitive environment. On the other hand, the innovative activities of companies which determines the degree of their company competitiveness is also the result of the state of this external compet¬itive environment. This means that a bilateral correlation exists between the innovative activities of organisations and their company competitiveness, and it is dependent on the state of the external competitive environment (i.e. it is the uniting link in this correlation).
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Rositsa Koleva, Stela Kasabova
A STUDY ON GUEST SATISFACTION WITH HOTEL SERVICES
Abstract:
Maintaining high competitiveness in tourism (in particular, in the hotel business) contributes both to the long-term development and the management of regions and to the sustainable and competitive development of regional tourist destinations. This article presents issues related to the competitiveness of tourism in Bulgaria through evaluating the hotel services offered to visiting tourists. The results obtained are based on a survey of four hotels (located on the Bulgarian Black Sea Coast) conducted in August 2012. The article consists of two parts: an analysis of the services offered in the hotels monitored (front desk service, an assessment of the rooms and the restaurant at the related hotel and grading nine types of services) and an evaluation of the satisfaction of the tourists interviewed regarding the services offered. The study specifies the quality characteristics of the services in the hotels surveyed and the importance of these services according to the perceptions of the tourists interviewed. On this basis, the degree of satisfaction of tourists regarding the services offered has been determined and guidelines have been given on how to improve the quality characteristics of these hotels.
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Snezhina Zaharieva Ivanova
STUDYING THE SITUATIONAL BEHAVIOUR OF THE HUMAN FACTOR IN ORGANISATIONS DURING A CRISIS
Abstract:
The behaviour of individuals in a specific situation is determined by their personality traits, the features of the organisation and the specifics of the situation. It is therefore essential that those parameters could be diagnosed promptly and reliably. After studying a number of phenomena that describe individuals’ behaviour in a particular situation, the locus of control and organizational commitment were identified to be the two most useful constructs for assessing organizational environment and predicting probable behaviour of the human factor in organisations. After measuring the values of the two constructs in companies operating in the in the Shipbuilding and ship repair sector in District Varna, it was estab-lished that those constructs have a good predictive value for the situational behaviour of the human factor during a crisis in an organisation.
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Hristo Draganov, G. Draganov
MORAL DAMAGES AND THE ACTIVITY
OF INSURANCE COMPANIES
Abstract:
The article addresses moral damages inflicted as a result of road accidents, in terms of motor third-party liability insurance. We explain the nature of moral damages and analyse their relevance to the activity of insurance carriers. Special attention is paid to the major factors that cause moral damages. We also review the main stages in ascertaining inflicted moral damages and give some recommendations about the process. The underlying idea of this article is that an Ordinance on the Ascertainment of Moral Damages must be designed. In conclusion, a methodology for determining liability limits is proposed.
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Borislav Borisov
THE ADMINISTRATIVE CAPACITY INDEX
OF STATE ADMINISTRATION
Abstract:
This paper is based on a research conducted among 80 administration groups of the executive authority. The aim of the survey was to measure the administrative capacity of those groups by 44 indicators. Respondents were selected according to the structure of the state administration formed by the number of employees in each unit of administration. The findings of the research were analysed by computing the average values of the scores of capacity; by employing average weighted values and by determining the uncertainty factor when assessing the capacity of different structures of state administration. We have designed a new, aggregate index for measuring administrative capacity – the Index of the administrative capacity of state administration for good governance. By employing that index, we are able to monitor the systematic progress in terms of current concepts about administrative capacity, applicable to the entire system of state administration.
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Nataliya Golovanova, Nataliya Nikolaevna Kulikova
THE INNOVATION RECEPTIVITY
OF ENTERPRISES AS THE BASIS
OF THEIR ECONOMIC GROWTH
AND DEVELOPMENT
Abstract:
The paper deals with issues related to the innovation receptivity of enterprises which is indicative of their preparedness and ability to introduce innovations and intensify their innovative activity. High innovation receptivity may be interpreted as an indicator of the ability of an enterprise to gain competitive advantages, and hence, to exert certain competitive pressure on the other market players. Assessing the innovation receptivity helps identify weak spots in the performance of an enterprise and specify opportunities and actions for dealing with them.
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Yaroslav Valeriyovich Korovii
AGRICULTURAL INNOVATIONS IN EUROPEAN AND CENTRAL ASIAN COUNTRIES
Abstract:
The article analyzes the importance of agriculture for the economies of European and Central Asian countries, proves that it occurred due to the impact of innovations which help realize the potential of this industry which, in its turn, opens up promising ways for further development. It has been established that the need to stimulate innovation in the agricultural sector arises due to a number of factors, the most significant of which are: growing consumer demand for products, the need for production of environmental products, reduced production costs, rational use of resources, environmental protection. That is why the promotion of innovative technologies implementation for the sustainable development of agriculture in the countries of Europe and Central Asia is becoming an important element of the countries’ steady development in the region. The article describes the innovative processes in the agricultural sector of the country's economy. Particular attention is paid to the consideration of the parameters of the EU Common Agricultural Policy.
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Petya Emilova, Teodora Spasova
THE INFRASTRUCTURE OF LARGE ENTERPRISES IN BULGARIA – CHARACTERISTICS AND PROBLEMS
Abstract:
An information infrastructure is part of the overall infrastructure of enterprises. It refers to hardware, software, data management technologies, network and telecommunication technologies and services as well as the staff involved in the management of provided services.
The aim of this article is to elucidate the characteristics of information infrastructure and related issues in the era of digital transformation. In terms of theoretical tasks, this implies defining the concept of "information infrastructure" and identifying opportunities for its development. Practical tasks relate to analyzing some of the problems that a large Bulgarian enterprise is facing in terms of its information infrastructure and proposing methods for assessing the costs of the information infrastructure in the enterprise. Our research focuses on ‘Sparky Eltos’ AD in Lovech and suggests some practical guidelines for analyzing problems and offering adequate solutions.
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Natalia F. Altukhova, Elena V. Vasileva, Vitaliy Yemelyanov
HOW TO ADD VALUE TO BUSINESS BY EMPLOYING DIGITAL TECHNOLOGIES AND TRANSFORMING MANAGEMENT APPROACHES
Abstract:
The aim of this study is to present the experience in the management of enterprises at different levels: from optimising business processes to introducing strategic business development. We have analysed the experience in creating digital metallurgy in Russia and present the experience in implementing a smart system for monitoring and diagnostics of line equipment at the Alchevsk metallurgical plant. The article reviews major issues related to the introduction of artificial intelligence systems so as to exercise automated control over production processes. These issues refer to the deterioration and depreciation of production assets which is caused by the reallocation of funds for the modernisation of production and the unpreparedness of staff for the introduction of new systems. Digital technologies provide new opportunities for managing corporate resources and initiating profitable activities. The article also reviews applying Design Thinking techniques and tools to the training and education of specialists for the digital economy. Entrepreneurial skills, out-of-the-box thinking, the ability to work in teams and to make decisions are essential competencies which must be acquired by students during their academic training so that businesses could be prepared for their digital transformation.
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Dariusz Nowak, Sławomir Górczyński
A QUALITATIVE APPROACH TO TRADE CREDIT IN BUSINESS ORGANISATIONS
Abstract:
The aim of the paper is to present, in the cognitive aspect, the opinions, judgements and notions of entrepreneurs regarding financing of the current activity of enterprises with trade credit. The nature of the research problem determines the adoption of qualitative research as a research basis, in which direct interview with entrepreneurs has been used. These entrepreneurs, in transaction processes, represent both credit recipients as well as credit donors. Interviews were conducted in 2015, on a sample of 147 manufacturing companies of different nature and different business domain. The paper presents both positive, as well as negative aspects related to the use of trade credit. The possibility to purchase without having financial means, improving financial liquidity and production productivity; increase in revenue and competitive position and general use, open access and cheapness are particularly important in the first approach. Payment gridlock and high risk of activity, as well as increase in the cost in business activity were indicated in negative terms.
Value - the authors try, through the prism of empirical research, to show and estimate positive and negative aspects of trade credit. This knowledge has a practical value as it could be used by other firms that implement or develop their trade credit policy.
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Aneliya Paneva
COMPETITIVE ENVIRONMENT
OF THE GENERAL INSURANCE MARKET
IN THE REPUBLIC OF BULGARIA
Abstract:
Insurance companies in Bulgaria develop their business in a market economy. Therefore, insurers are constantly striving to achieve competitive advantage. As a result of the competitive struggle between companies in the insurance market, an appropriate range of products is offered at the best possible conditions and consumer prices, and the quality and efficiency of the insurance protection is increased. The present article determines the shape and strength of competition in the general insurance market in Bulgaria for the period 2008-2012. It was found that only in mass contracting of insurances, the insurance companies operate in highly competitive environments. The market of less popular insurances is characterized by an oligopolistic structure. In the offering of some of them, there is even monopoly.
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Tsvetelina Nenkova
CONCEPTUAL FOUNDATIONS OF EFFICIENCY IN PUBLIC PENSIONS
Abstract:
This article examines the efficiency of public pensions. The need for an efficiently functioning pension system is highlighted based on the theoretical foundations of pension social security concepts such as: ‘welfare for the elderly’, ‘retirement insurance’ a factor for increasing the ‘productivity of labour’, a form of ‘return on human capital investment’, a solution to the ‘prodigal father’ problem and ‘longevity insurance’.
-
Iskren Tairov
ENTERPRISE MOBILITY – A SOLUTION FOR INCREASED BUSINESS EFFICIENCY
Abstract:
The massive influx of mobile devices over recent years has radically altered ideas about employees’ activity and the dimensions of business. The rapid development of business, mainly through increased staff mobility, has promoted various concepts like BYOD (Bring Your Own Device), CYOD (Choose Your Own Device) COPE (Corporate Owned, Personally Enabled), etc. This has brought to the fore issues related to ensuring constant staff involvement in the work flow and designing channels for accessing information with no constraints in terms of time, location, or the type of mobile devices used.
At the same time, businesses need to design strategies which ensure a balance between the convenience of using mobile devices and the security and reliability of corporate networks operation.
This paper reviews the essence of the BYOD concept and the benefits it brings to business; it makes a comparison with the CYOD concept and analyses the COPE alternative, its nature and feasible approaches for its implementation.
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Trayan Yosifov
THE INTERNATIONAL INVESTMENT POSITION OF BULGARIAN ECONOMY
IN THE PERIOD FROM 2010 TO 2019
Abstract:
The period from 2010 to 2019 may be defined as a post-crisis stage in the historic development of the global economy. This refers to Bulgarian economy as well, which went through a recession to then reach a situation of full employment. The recovery of global markets is obviously a major factor which raises the interest of both local and foreign investors. The dynamics and the structure of the capital funds invested in the local economy and those invested abroad are indicative of the confidence in the domestic market. They give an accurate idea about the economic environment in the country and the mid-term prospects for its development. The main objective of this research is to analyse the characteristics of and the trends in the changes of capital funds invested in Bulgaria and those invested in foreign economies and markets.
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Angelin Lalev
METHODS AND INSTRUMENTS FOR ENHANCING CLOUD COMPUTING SECURITY IN SMALL AND MEDIUM SIZED ENTERPRISES
Abstract:
The article focuses on the problems of information security in the clouds from the point of view of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) and the limitations imposed on them with regard to information technologies. The article discusses organizational and technical protection measures that are relatively easy and cheap enough to be applied by SMEs in relation to cloud security threats.
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Serghei Peancovschii
ORGANIZATION OF A MOBILE EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT CENTER
Abstract:
This article covers the problem issues of the organization of a mobile emergency management center of the Main Inspectorate of Emergency Situations of the Republic of Moldova. The key objectives assigned to the Situational Center have been determined, as well as the peculiarities of the developing organizational structure of the information interoperability of the Center’s employees, providing the composition of subsystems and the directions aimed at enhancing efficiency.
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Dariusz Nowak
THE CORE COMPETENCES OF POLISH INDUSTRIAL ENTERPRISES
Abstract:
Among many methods of strategic management, special attention should be put to the concept of core competences, which is an excellent and modern tool of competitiveness. Its essence comes to the belief that the differentiated framework of leading economic activities forces the use of different ways of achieving its objectives. Such is the way it is described by a set of unique, rare, and above all, personalized assets, which together form the specificity and nature of the organization.
Taking into account the importance of the concept of core competences in strategic activities of the company, the purpose of the article was to identify and assess the basic attributes of the organization and present them in a comprehensive range.
The theoretical part was developed on the basis of analysis of Polish and English-language bibliography, the empirical part was based on surveys conducted on a sample of 192 entities representing the industrial enterprises operating in Poland.
Analysis of the answers allowed concluding that the main core competences of Polish enterprises are: the quality of product and services, staff qualifications, flexibility, clearly defined goals, and ability to adapt to the environment.
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Stanimira Yordanova, Kamelia Stefanova
MAJOR TECHNOLOGIES AND PRACTICAL ASPECTS OF THE DIGITAL TRANSFORMATION OF BUSINESS IN A BIG DATA ENVIRONMENT
Abstract:
In contemporary business development, digital transformation has become a major challenge to big data management. In an environment of increasing volumes of data, the major factors that are crucial to business development relate to big data processing and analysis. Open-source data processing technologies employ an innovative approach to the design of data processing and data analytics tools in cooperation among developers, which ensures the transparency, accessibility and continuous improvement of those tools.
The main objective of this article is to review popular open-source technologies for big data processing and identify trends in employing big data in business applications.
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Zoya Ivanova
CHARACTERISTICS OF THE MARKET BEHAVIOUR OF BULGARIAN INDUSTRIAL ENTERPRISES
Abstract:
Due to the complex and dynamic situation in commodities markets, Bulgarian industrial enterprises need to apply more flexible and efficient approaches in order to adapt promptly to contemporary challenges. Industrial enterprises seek to demonstrate behaviour which will enable them to maintain and expand their market positions, respond adequately to changes in consumer demand and react to increasing competition. The aim of this article is to examine the market behaviour of Bulgarian industrial enterprises on the basis of theoretical and empirical research and to summarise some of the specific features of this market behaviour.
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Dragomir Iliev, Galin Stefanov, Yoto V. Yotov
ESTIMATING BULGARIA’S TRADE BORDERS WITH THE EU
AN APPLICATION OF THE EMPIRICAL GRAVITY MODEL OF TRADE
Abstract:
We use the empirical gravity model of international trade to evaluate the borders in manufacturing trade between Bulgaria and the European Union (BG-EU). Our results suggest that in 2006 the BG-EU border was quite large and not statistically different from the average border in our sample of 69 countries. As expected, our estimates confirm that the trade border between Bulgaria and the EU members was very large, and much larger than the average sample border, before the collapse of communism. The border fell sharply in the early to mid-90s, but it followed the average sample trend since then. We also document weak asymmetries in the BG-EU border in favor of EU exports to Bulgaria. Our results point to a series of extensions and further analysis.
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Ioana Panagoreț, Dragoș Panagoreţ
ROMANIA'S ENVIRONMENTAL
POLICIES AND FINANCIAL
INSTRUMENTS USED
TO ACHIEVE THEM
Abstract:
In Romania, environmental protection appeared in 1990 as a self-contained area of the national policy, when the Ministry of Environment was first established. Development strategies of the national environmental policy in the pre-accession and post-accession period were shaped by the priorities of Romania's accession to the European Union and national needs, in conjunction with national priorities. The article states the principles and objectives of environmental policies in Romania as well as financial instruments and institutions involved in pursuing those policies. In Romania, the issues of environmental protection are imperative, particularly as a result of local pollution, produced mainly in the oil exploitation and mining industries, processing ores and oil, thermal power, chemical, woodworking and pulp, metallurgy, electrical industry and machine building industry, cement industry, transport, communal services and agriculture.
-
Veselin Dekov
PRACTICAL AND APPLIED ASPECTS
OF OFF-BALANCE SHEET REPORTING
OF SPENDING COMMITMENTS IN BUDGET ORGANIZATIONS
Abstract:
This article attempts to present the accounting aspect of spending commitments either signed for or immediately fulfilled by budget organizations. These are analysed in the context of changes in the normative base at the beginning of 2014. The author places emphasis on the practical and applied aspects of reporting mechanisms implemented by budget organizations, while at the same time presenting several general cases in the practice
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Monika Tsaneva
A PRACTICAL APPROACH FOR INTEGRATING HETEROGENEOUS SYSTEMS
Abstract:
The adoption of cloud computing is a major requirement for expanding a conventional business into an electronic one. In order to benefit fully from the advantages of cloud computing, companies need to have their business applications redesigned, yet this requires substantial financial, human and time resources which even the largest enterprises cannot afford. A feasible option is developing a strategy for gradual transition to cloud systems and technologies, which implies integrating the conventional systems of enterprises with newly developed cloud solutions.
The underlying idea of this research is that the priorities of such gradual transition should be identified on the basis of the major characteristics of the activities comprising the overall business process, such as its dynamics and prospects, the current and the potential level of automation, the volume of processed data, the workload they create for the systems processing those data, etc.
The research paper proposes an approach for integrating a conventional and a cloud system to service the business process ‘Requesting a consumer loan’ that requires real-time data exchange. The integration solution uses data structures which have been created in an intermediate data base for communication between systems. The rules for accessing and manipulating data by each of the integrated systems are defined. Interoperability is ensured through programme components (triggers and stored procedures) that are created in the data base of the operational system and ensure data exchange for real-time processing. The approach proposed in the paper has been employed in the business practice of a large Bulgarian bank. Its major advantages relate to the comprehensive service of the business process, as well as the greater flexibility, adaptability and scalability achieved with minimum financial and time resources.
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Bozhidar Bozhinov
CHALLENGES FOR ENSURING THE DATA SECURITY OF COMMERCIAL BANKS
Abstract:
The introduction of new information and communication technology into banking has radically altered the essence and character of banking activity. Alongside the competitive advantages and the direct economic effect of the advent of high-tech innovation in the banking sector, credit institutions are facing a number of challenges, one of them being to ensure the security of their products and related information. The main objective of this research is to elucidate the nature, instances, and methods of managing data security in commercial banks. An emphasis is put on some sources of operational risk in commercial banks which have a direct impact on the potentially growing risk in terms of data security. The research also focuses on the role of bank management in governing that process, as well as the methods and mechanisms for reducing the occurrence of the risk related to information security.
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Renny Petrova
FINANCIAL STATEMENTS REPORTING
AS A TOOL FOR MANIPULATING
THE PERCEPTION OF ACCOUNTING INFORMATION
Abstract:
Financial statements must present the property, financial position, and performance of entities truly and honestly. Managers, however, may influence users’ perception of information by altering the manner in which this information is presented in financial statements. The objective of this paper is to employ a slightly different approach based on the specific features of the parties involved in the information-exchange process, i.e. users (with their expectations and constraints) and managers (with their goals and motives) and review different methods and techniques applied by managers to manipulate users’ perception of the information presented in financial statements.
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Evgeniy Zaramenskih
APPLYING THE ARCHITECTURAL APPROACH TO THE DESIGN OF A DIGITAL PLATFORM: THE CASE STUDY
OF AN AVIATION HOLDING COMPANY
Abstract:
This article presents an example of effectively applying the architectural approach to the design of a digital platform to aggregate digital services in an industrial enterprise, based on the case study of an aviation holding company. It reviews options for the further design of IT processes to support digital services provided by a digital platform created with the frameworks Cobit 5 and ITIL 3. The architectural models reviewed in the paper are built using the enterprise architecture modeling language ArchiMate.
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Rumen Vyrbanov
APPLICATIONS OF THE BYOD CONCEPTION – BENEFITS, RISKS AND APPROACHES
Abstract:
BYOD (Bring Your Own Device), advantages of BYOD, risks of BYOD, consumerisation, attitudes toward the use of mobile devices in business, strategy for the implementation of BYOD.
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Tsetan Pavlov
APPLICATION OF BEHAVIORAL FINANCE
IN MODELING BULGARIAN EQUITY RISK PREMIUM
Abstract:
The paper seeks a plausible explanation of the magnitude of equity risk premium, by modeling leading behavioral concepts in the conditions of Bulgarian capital market. Firstly, the fair equity risk premium is derived by basic neoclassical consumption-based model. Subsequently, the conducted comparison between fair and empirical risk premium indicates that the demanded compensation by investors for owning Bulgarian stocks cannot be rationally explained, i.e. there is an equity risk premium puzzle on BSE. On this basis, we have applied a behavioral model based on two well-known characteristics of human behavior in conditions of risk and uncertainty – loss aversion and narrow framing. Set at reasonable levels of risk and loss aversion, the model has managed to generate risk-free rate and market returns close to empirical levels.
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Nataliya Golovanova, Anna Bekaeva
PROBLEMS AND RISKS OF COMMERCIALIZATION OF INNOVATIONS IN THE RUSSIAN ECONOMY
Abstract:
According to statistical data, modern development of the innovation activity in Russia has positive trends – Russia’s positions in the Global Innovation Index have improved, the relative share of the organisations engaged in innovation has increased and the volume of shipped innovative products has gone up in the total volume of exports. However, even these positive trends are not enough to bridge the gap between Russia and the developed countries. The problems of low effectiveness of innovation in Russia, according to the authors, are related to the problems and risks that arise in enterprises that commercialize innovation.
The process of commercialisation of innovation has its own specifics and depending on the degree of participation of the innovation developers in it, it could be realised through three different methods – independent use, partial assignment of rights to use innovations, full transfer of rights to use it. The problems and risks which the enterprises may face in the process of commercializing innovations, are presented by the authors in relation to each method. The article also features some authors’ proposals for speeding up the innovation implementation by enterprises.
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Andrey Zahariev
ISSUES OF CORPORATE CAPITAL OPTIMISATION IN BULGARIA
Abstract:
The aim of this article is to test a methodology for the optimisation of capital structure in Bulgarian companies, adapted for Bulgarian conditions, on the basis of fundamental company indicators and stock exchange rates over the period 2010 – 2013. A similar methodology provides the answer to a series of questions and solves significant problems faced by business practice, related to the realisation of the main purpose of financial managers in Bulgarian companies – maximising stock wealth. The achievement of this aim is based on the effect of financial leverage on the profit of one share and its stock exchange capitalisation. This research ascertains the complete improvement of post-crisis interest conditions for business credit by financial institutions to companies in our country. Within the range of the research, we identify seventeen separate issues in the field of applied capital optimisation which require precise financial and investment circumstances and appropriate solutions.
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Margarita Nikolova
THE ISSUE OF THE NUMBER
OF HOSPITALS AND THEIR CAPACITY
AND EFFECTIVENESS IN BULGARIA
Abstract:
Over the last decade in Bulgaria medical institutions for health care have functioned in an unsustainable and unfavorable environment. This is particularly true for hospitals in towns or villages as some of them have gone bankrupt, while many of them have terminated their activities.
As regards the number of hospitals per 100,000 people, Bulgaria is among the countries of the EU-27 with a relatively large number of hospitals – over 4.44 per 100,000 people. This is a third more than the average ratio of the EU-27 member states and 50% more than the new EU member states from Eastern Europe. This is why research into hospitals takes into account a problem which is very serious for Bulgaria, namely, the activities undertaken and their effectiveness. This article argues for the thesis that the government must stop the uncontrolled growth of medical institu¬tions for health care and introduce a new system of funding according to which the patient must be treated in a complex way, not according to a clinical pathway, because costs do not meet the real expenses of the treatment of a patient with a particular diag¬nosis.
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Diyana Ivanova
THE PROFESSIONAL COMPETENCE
OF PUBLIC SECTOR INTERNAL AUDITORS IN BULGARIA – OPPORTUNITIES AND CHALLENGES
Abstract:
Public sector internal control continues to be a major issue due to its essential role in the governance of public funds and activities. This article focuses on internal audit and the problems and opportunities related to maintaining and developing the professional competence of internal auditors as a key prerequisite for the efficient performance of their audit engagements. The research of earlier and current audit practice and the acknowledgment of existing pitfalls provides a robust basis for improving this aspect of public sector internal control.
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Iliyan Nikolaev Hristov, Lyubomira Georgieva Dimitrova
COMPREHENSIBILITY OF TEXT INFORMATION – CONCEPTS AND APPLICATIONS IN CONTEMPORARY STUDIES IN ACCOUNTING
Abstract:
This article presents part of the available arsenal of the developed quantitative and qualitative approaches for the assessment of text comprehensibility (readability) existing in western literature. Special attention is paid to their practical and application function in empirical research related to accounting. A conceptually new integrated approach is presented, the results of which could lead to a more precise metrication of the readability of disclosures of enterprises.
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Aleksandar Petrov
DEVELOPMENT OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY AND ITS IMPACT ON
THE FORM OF INFORMATION SERVICES
Abstract:
The article studies the development and complexity of information technology (IT). The dependence of modern businesses on the extent and efficiency of applying IT is argued. On this basis, attention is brought to problems related to the orientation of information services (IS) towards the provision of services. Grounds are given that it is based on and is determined by the achievements of IT service management (ITSM). Different approaches to improving IS are presented and the trend towards transforming current IS divisions into ones offering services is outlined.
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Andrey Pochtovyuk
IMPLEMENTATION OF THE INTERESTS OF ENTITIES INVOLVED IN THE SYSTEM OF HIGHER EDUCATION IN UKRAINE
Abstract:
This paper focuses on the relationship between the state, individuals, employers, and universities based on methods of quantification. The conclusion drawn is that higher education is the basis for socio-economic development and efficiency of the labour market, which could be used by governments in the formation of a policy regarding higher education through the vocational and qualification conformity indicator.
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Andrey Burachenko
MEDIUM-TERM PLANNING AND BUDGETING AT A LOCAL LEVEL
Abstract:
This article discusses the theoretical and practical aspects of medium-term planning and budgeting at local level in contemporary Ukraine. The author emphasises that the completion of functions by local authority bodies in Ukraine require the realisation of effective measures and actions guaranteed by corresponding budgetary programmes. One significant aspect of the problem is the effectiveness of monitoring the completion of local budget programmes.
The article contains particular proposals regarding the budgetary reform carried out in Ukraine – the introduction of medium-term budget planning at both state and local level.
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Nataliya Makovskaya
FIXED-TERM EMPLOYMENT CONTRACT
AS A MANAGEMENT TOOL FOR THE INNOVATION ACTIVITIES OF ENTERPRISES (BELARUSIAN EXPERIENCE)
Abstract:
The article presents the results of scientific research on the role of labour factors, fixed-term employment contract, in particular, in the innovation activity of organizations of Belarus. The influence of the fixed-term employment contracts on the innovative activity of enterprises has been identified. It has been proven that the smaller scale of the organization, the more often they use a fixed-term employment contract. It is proved that if organizations have a fixed-term employment contract, they are more innovative and innovative organizations are active.
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Radi Dimitrov
PROVIDING ACCOUNTING INFORMATION FOR THE AUDIT OF EUROPEAN UNION FUNDS IN THE PUBLIC SECTOR
Abstract:
Professional players on the Russian market in microelectronics form temporary partnerships so that they can design and develop microelectronic devices with a certain life cycle. This paper proves that the capacity of such partnerships to develop successfully and to achieve the goals they have set depends on the stages of their development, i.e. the stages of a partnership life cycle. The materialisation of these partnerships refers to all stages of the technological value chain of microelectronic devices, which allows each professional player on the Russian market in microelectronics to perform their functions. Each stage of the partnership life cycle relates to specific features and key success factors. By analysing the stages of partnerships life cycles, it is possible to predict and identify potential problems in terms of the materialisation and development of inter-organisational relationships.
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Boryana V. Dimitrova, Brent Smith, Trina Larsen Andras
BRAND VALUE CO-CREATION VIA
THE PLATFORM ENTERPRISE
Abstract:
Firms today focus on the development of long-term customer relationships and seek ways to actively involve customers in the marketing process. Platform enterprises such as Amazon, Airbnb, and Uber are spearheading the efforts in this direction by providing a digital platform enabling multiple stakeholders to engage in and contribute to brand value creation. However, scholarly research to date has not yet addressed the question of how platform enterprises can effectively and efficiently operate the network they build in a global market in order to stimulate co-creation and enhance brand value creation. We integrate Porter’s “diamond” with the dynamic capabilities approach and develop a conceptual framework, which helps us better understand how platform enterprises utilize their capabilities to exploit the “diamond” and build an “ecosystem of partners” while fostering innovation and encouraging brand value co-creation.
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Petya Ivanova
A CONTEMPORARY OVERVIEW OF THE APPLICATION OF COLLABORATIVE CONSUMPTION IN TOURISM
Abstract:
Collaborative consumption is a current global trend which is changing the way in which people use goods and services. This trend also affects the state of the tourism market. With reference to this the article studies the increased use of this business model nowadays by outlining its main characteristic features and the reasons that have caused its appearance. In addition, the article classifies the wide variety of services and products that fall within the scope of this model. Special attention is paid to the factors which limit and stimulate its development. The article also provides a summary of the most widely used digital platforms for sharing tourism – related services. In conclusion, it systematizes the advantages and disadvantages of collaborative consumption and its effects on the conventional supply of tourism products and services.
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Kamen Kamenov
CO-ACTIVITY THROUGH THE PRISM OF SOCIAL ACTIVITY, BEHAVIOURAL INDEFINITENESS AND MANAGERIAL INSIGHT
Abstract:
This article looks at the relationship between success, the role of personal and professional quality and the group, on the one hand, and the significance of a co-activity environment on the other. The final result, which in practice is the achieved objective, is heavily dependent on the components of a co-activity system. Furthermore, even if a high grade is awarded for personal and professional qualities and efficient group activity, the end result might deviate from the expected result to a certain extent. The reasons for this are to be found in a co-activity environment. It is a source of social activity because it can provoke actors to act in a variety of ways. Depending on which of its components have been activated, there may be prerequisites for active or passive behavior. The article also discusses the types of behavior which create an atmosphere of indefiniteness and characterise social activity in relation to co-activity environment and as behavioural dependency over time.
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Milen Mitkov
STATUS AND TRENDS
IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF AGRICULTURAL INSURANCE IN BULGARIA
Abstract:
This study presents the results of an empirical research on the status and trends in the development of agricultural insurance in Bulgaria conducted in 2015. Data is systematized and analyzed; the dynamics of the development of agricultural insurance in Bulgaria for the period 2010-2014 is also studied. It was found out that agricultural producers express great interest in purchasing agricultural insurance. As a result, there is a significant increase in the scope of agricultural insurance in the Bulgarian insurance market.
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Orekhov Mykhailo
THE ESSENCE OF THE DIGITALIZATION PROCESS AS A NEW GLOBAL INFORMATIZATION STAGE
Abstract:
The article describes the essence of the term "digitalization" and shows the nature of this process. The impact on people's lives and globalization itself have been determined as a result of the conducted study. Particular attention has been drawn to digital transformation, its use in the business context and its impact on such organizations as government, government agencies and other institutions involved in addressing social and global issues such as pollution and aging, using one or more existing and new technologies.
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Maryna Karpitskaya, Yulia Krupenko, Pavel Barysenko
TRENDS IN THE REINSURANCE SECTOR
IN THE CONTEXT OF
FINANCIAL INTEGRATION
Abstract:
The article deals with the problems of insurance integration processes in the EAEU. The strategic directions of state regulation of the reinsurance market of the Republic of Belarus have been identified. It is determined that there is no a single legislative act regulating reinsurance activities in Belarusian legislation. State regulation of reinsurance relies on the current insurance legislation. The analysis of financial stability in EAEU is based on the Solvency I criteria.
In the EU countries the risk-based approach to financial stability for the insur-ance sector is offered. However, neither of these approaches can be fully applied in the Republic of Belarus due to the methods of the analysis, which are based on hypothetical scenarios of market developments and may have a high degree of unreliability.
It is determined that in reinsurance, it is necessary to assess the reliability of a reinsur-ance organization not only on the basis of an analysis of financial indicators, but to make a complex study of the financial stability of a reinsurer. It was concluded that the above methodology makes it possible to objectively analysis of a reinsurer reliability and can help to develop a set of measures aimed at raising it.
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Plamen Hristov Milev
TRENDS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF ARCHITECTURE SOLUTIONS FOR WEB PUBLISHING SYSTEMS
Abstract:
This article deals with issues related to uploading contents on the Internet. Within this context, the specific attributes of information systems for web publishing and solutions for their architecture are reviewed. The paper analyses some conceptual problems related to those systems in terms of the opportunities provided to users to create, publish, share or comment on the content on the world wide web. It also presents the typical architecture of web publishing systems. Based on the conducted research, the paper presents findings and hypotheses about trends in the development of architecture solutions for web publishing systems. The focus of the paper is on the growing significance of social networks nowadays, and especially of social networks with interactive content. The conclusion summarizes the advantages of applying existing trends in the development of architecture solutions for web publishing systems to the design of software solutions in the sphere.
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Mykhailo Dubel
TRANSFORMATION OF THE DISTRIBUTION FIELD UNDER THE DIGITALIZATION PROCESS
Abstract:
The article analyzes the concept of distribution. The main objects of the distribution system - the manufacturer, the wholesale reseller, the retail reseller and the user - are identified and characterized. The article highlights the benefits of digital distribution over traditional distribution. The article analyzes the features of digital distribution in the areas of books, music, software and computer games. The article examines the genesis, evolution, and perspective of digital distribution.
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Iskren Tairov
MOBILE DEVICE MANAGEMENT
AS A COMPONENT OF CORPORATE
IT INFRASTRUCTURE
Abstract:
Digital economy and the rapidly growing use of the Internet have rendered it impossible for a corporate IT infrastructure to perform successfully unless adopting the necessary techniques, technology and procedures for controlling access to resources. Mobile devices have become tremendously popular and they are an indispensable part of people’s everyday life, as well as a preferred option for accessing corporate IT infrastructure resources. Therefore, organisations need to design and implement efficient management solutions, based on in-depth analyses and in line with the specific properties of mobile devices.
This research paper describes in detail corporate IT infrastructure and mobile devices as components of that infrastructure, reviews their use in business environment and presents appropriate tools for exercising control.
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Velichko Adamov
PHILOSOPHY OF GENERAL CORPORATE FINANCING
Abstract:
Corporate financing requires sufficient knowledge on the two basic elements of liability as a component of financial balance: long-term and short-term equity. Respectively the article analyzes the ratios at which company investment may be carried out by equity and various issues of positive and negative equity structure are being outlined as well. Certain recommendations are being made for optimizing owners’ equity and debt capital in order to achieve an effective investment policy. Spe¬cial attention has been drawn on capital management practices in Bulgarian compa¬nies recognizing those practices’ constant need of improvement and development.
